Izindela zaseTibet ukweqa ubuhle bazo bezakhiwo. Lezi zindawo ezingcwele ezingokomoya ziwumthombo wokuphila wobuBuddha baseTibet, obusebenza njengezikhungo zokukhulekela, zokufunda, nokugcinwa kwamasiko amakhulu eminyaka. Izindela zinikezela ukuphila kwazo lapha, zifunda ifilosofi yamaBuddha, zenza amasiko, futhi zigcina amasiko adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Lo mbhalo ugxile ezigodlweni ezintathu ezibalulekile: I-Sera Monastery, i-Drepung Monks, ne-Ganden Monastery. Ngayinye inomlando oyingqayizivele, umlingiswa, kanye nendima ebalulekile ngaphakathi kweTibetan Buddhism.
Ukubaluleka Okungokomlando Kwezindela Ezindela, i-Drepung, ne-Ganden
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet azizona nje izimangaliso zezakhiwo kodwa ziwubufakazi bomlando ocebile kanye nesiko elingokomoya elijulile. Isigodlo ngasinye sezindela sinendaba eyingqayizivele yokusungula futhi sibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekubumbeni ubuBuddha baseTibet. Ake sihlole okwedlule okuthakazelisayo kwalezi zimpawu zomhlaba ezintathu ezivelele:
1. I-Sera Monastery: Ihabhu Lengxoxo Nokufunda (Yasungulwa ngo-1419)
Isungulwe nguJamchen Chojey, umfundi weJe Tsongkhapa ohlonishwayo, iSera Mey Monastery yathola ukuvelela ngokushesha njengesikhungo sokufunda ngobuBuddha.
Ifa elihlala njalo lesigodlo lisesikweni laso elinamandla lezinkulumo-mpikiswano zomphakathi. Izindela zihlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezinomoya ngefilosofi yobuBuddha, zilola amakhono azo ezinkulumo-mpikiswano futhi zijulisa ukuqonda kwazo izimfundiso.
Lo mkhuba oyingqayizivele, isisekelo sobunikazi besigodlo sezindela sikaSera Mey, uye waheha izivakashi amakhulu eminyaka, unikeza amazwibela ohlangothini lwengqondo lweTibetan Buddhism.
2. I-Drepung Monastery: Yake Yaba Enkulu Kakhulu Emhlabeni (Yasungulwa ngo-1416)
I-Drepung Monks inomehluko omangalisayo wokuba isigodlo sezindela esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Yasungulwa nguJamyang Chojey, omunye umfundi kaJe Tsongkhapa, yahlala umphakathi omkhulu wezindela ezizinikele ekufundeni nasekuqhubeni ubuBuddha baseTibet.
Inkimbinkimbi ebanzi yayihlanganisa amakolishi amaningi, ngalinye likhethekile esicini esithile semfundiso yobuBuddha. Lokhu kukhethekile kwakhulisa ukuqonda okujulile kwezimfundiso ezinkulu zale nkolo.
Ngaphandle kwethonya layo kwezemfundo, Isigodlo Sezindela saseDrepung wadlala indima ebalulekile kwezombusazwe zaseTibet. Obaba besigodlo sezindela babenethonya elikhulu, futhi uDalai Lama Wesihlanu, umuntu ohlonishwayo eBuddhism baseTibet, wayaziwa ngokusithanda ngokukhethekile lesi sigodlo.
3. Isigodlo sezindela saseGanden: Indawo Engcwele Kakhulu Yesikole saseGelugpa (Yasungulwa ngo-1409)
Yasungulwa nguJe Tsongkhapa ngokwakhe, i-Gan Den Monastery ibambe ukubaluleka okukhulu esikoleni saseGelugpa saseTibetan Buddhism. Yasebenza njengendawo yokuhlala eyinhloko kaTsongkhapa kanye nendawo yokuzalwa yesiko lamaGelugpa.
Indawo enokuthula yesigodlo esiqongweni seNtaba i-Wangbur yengeza ebuhleni bayo obungokomoya. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isitayela sesakhiwo se-Gan Den Monastery siyachezuka kwezinye ezimbili, ezinezakhiwo ezincane ezibuthene eduze nehholo le-Tsochin elimaphakathi.
Ngemva kokudlula emhlabeni kukaTsongkhapa, isidumbu sakhe esilondoloziwe sangcwatshwa e-Gan Den Monastery, okuqhubeka nokuqinisa isimo saso njengendawo engcwele kunazo zonke zesikole saseGelugpa.
Ubukhazikhazi Bezakhiwo: Ukubheka Umklamo Wezindela Ngamunye
Izindela zaseTibet akuzona nje izikhungo zomoya kodwa futhi izibonelo ezimangalisayo zezakhiwo zaseTibet. I-"Great Three" ngayinye inezici ezihlukile ezibonisa ubuhle nokusebenza kwayo.
I-Sera Monastery:
- Izakhiwo Ezipakishwe Ngokuminyene: I-Sera Monastery inesakhiwo esifana ne-maze esinezakhiwo ezibekwe eduze, ngokungafani nozakwabo abasafufusa. Lo mklamo uthuthukisa umuzwa womphakathi futhi usebenzisa kahle indawo esemagqumeni.
- AmaHholo OMhlangano: Isakhiwo esigqame kakhulu i-Tsokchen, noma i-Coqen Hall, isakhiwo esinezitezi ezine esinovulandi omkhulu wokungena. Ngaphakathi, izivakashi zingathola ama-chapel ahlotshiswe ngezithombe zezibalo ezibalulekile ezifana noShakyamuni Buddha noTsongkhapa, umsunguli wesikole saseGelugpa.
I-Drepung Monastery:
- Isikali Sokumisa: I-Drepung Monks yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezintathu, iziqhayisa ngesakhiwo esikhulu esake sahlala izindela ezingaphezu kuka-10,000. Izakhiwo ziphakama ngokwezigaba, ezinezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengeHholo laseCoqen, elibekwe endaweni ephakeme kakhulu.
- Uphahla lwegolide: Isici esihlukile seDrepung ukusetshenziswa kophahla olufakwe ngegolide ezakhiweni ezibalulekile. Lesi sici sengeza ukuthinta kokunethezeka futhi sibonisa inhlonipho ephethwe lezi zakhiwo.
- Amasondo Omthandazo: Ahlakazeke kuyo yonke inkimbinkimbi kunamasondo omkhuleko amaningi, okuwuphawu lomkhuba wamaBuddha waseTibet. AmaPilgrim asonta lawa masondo ukuze aqongelele ukufaneleka futhi athumele imithandazo ngaphandle.
I-Ganden Monastery:
- Isilungiselelo se-Majestic Mountaintop: Ihlezi phezu kweNtaba iWangbur, iGan Den Monastery iqhathanisa lezi ezinye ezimbili. Ngemva kokukhuphuka kwazo, izivakashi zijabulela ukubuka okumangalisayo kwezigodi ezizungezile.
- I-Central Courtyard Design: Ngokungafani nesakhiwo esifana ne-maze se-Sera, i-Ganden inohlelo oluvulekile olugxile egcekeni elikhulu. Ivumela umuzwa obanzi nonomoya.
- Izinto Zobuciko Eziyingqayizivele: Qaphela imidwebo yasendongeni eyinkimbinkimbi ebonisa onkulunkulu bamaBuddha kanye nezindaba ezihlobisa izindonga zezakhiwo zezindela. Le misebenzi yobuciko esebenzayo inikeza amazwibela amasiko obuciko aseTibet.
Ukwembula Inhliziyo Engokomoya: Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke, Imikhosi, kanye Nezimfundiso Ezigodlweni ZaseTibet
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet azizona nje izimangaliso zezakhiwo kodwa ziyizikhungo ezisebenzayo zamasiko nezenkolo. Izindela ezihlala lapha zinikezela ukuphila kwazo esimisweni esihlelekile sokuthandaza, ukufunda, nokusekela amasiko. Ake sihlole izinqubo zansuku zonke, imikhosi ekhethekile, nezimfundiso ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwezindonga zezindela zaseSera, iDrepung, neGanden:
Imizila Yansuku zonke:
- Izindela zalezi zindela ezintathu zilandela isimiso esiqinile sansuku zonke esigxile emthandazweni, ekuzindleni nasekufundeni.
- Ekuseni ngokuvamile kuqala ngemikhuleko yeqembu, ukucula, izikhathi zokuzindla ngazinye, kanye nesidlo sasekuseni.
- Izikhathi zantambama zinikezelwa ezifundweni zezenkolo, ngokuvamile ezibandakanya izinkulumo-mpikiswano noma izinkulumo kuye ngokuthi isigodlo sezindela sigxile kuphi.
- Ubusuku bungase buhilele eminye imithandazo noma imisebenzi yomphakathi.
Imicimbi Ekhethekile:
- Isigodlo ngasinye sisingatha imikhosi nemikhosi eyingqayizivele unyaka wonke.
- Isigodlo sezindela saseSera Mey saziwa kakhulu ngomkhuleko waso weMonlam umkhosi, umgubho oshukumisayo ohlanganisa imidanso efihle ubuso neminikelo eyinkimbinkimbi yemandala.
- I-Drepung Monks igubha uMkhosi we-Shoton, umcimbi ojabulisayo onemincintiswano yendabuko yokudla iyogathi yase-Tibet kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini.
- I-Ganden Monastery ibamba iqhaza emkhosini we-Lhabab Duchen, ohlonipha ukukhulelwa kukaBuddha, ukukhanyiselwa, kanye ne-parinirvana (ukufa).
Izimfundiso Nezemfundo:
Zontathu izindela zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuqeqesheni izizukulwane ezizayo zezindela.
Isigodlo sezindela iSera Mey sigcizelela inkulumo-mpikiswano yolimi, siqhakambisa ukuqonda kwezindela ngefilosofi yamaBuddha ngezingxoxo eziqinile.
I-Drepung Monastery, enamakholishi ayo amaningi asebenza ezicini ezahlukahlukene zobuBuddha, inika abasafuna imfundo imfundo ephelele.
I-Gan Den Monastery iyindawo engcwele yesikole i-Gelugpa, egxile ezimfundisweni eziqondene nalelo siko.
Izindela njengabagcini beSiko:
- Ngaphandle kokubaluleka kwazo kwezenkolo, izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet zisebenza njengendawo yokugcina amasiko.
- Izindela zilondoloza ngokucophelela imibhalo yasendulo yaseTibet, amafomu obuciko, namasiko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziphila ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Umhlahlandlela Wezivakashi Wezindela Ezindela, i-Drepung, ne-Ganden
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet ziyindawo ethandwa izivakashi ngaphezu kokuba izindawo zokuphephela ezingokomoya. Ukuhlela ngendlela efanele kanye nesimilo kuvumela izivakashi ukuthi zithole ukuzola kwalezi zindawo ezingcwele kanye nesiko elicebile. Nawu umhlahlandlela wokuhlola izindela zeSera, Drepung, neGanden:
Ukuhlela Ukuvakasha Kwakho:
- Izimvume: Imvume Yokuhamba yase-Tibet iyimpoqo ezivakashini zakwamanye amazwe. Thola lokhu ngenkampani yezokuvakasha egunyazwe ukuphatha izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe e-Tibet.
- Isikhathi Esingcono Kakhulu Sokuvakashela: Intwasahlobo (April-May) kanye nekwindla (September-October) inikeza isimo sezulu esimnandi. Gwema inkathi ye-monsoon (July-August) kanye nobusika obunzima.
- Uhambo: Cabangela ukuthatha uhambo olulodwa olufundisayo olunikezwa ochwepheshe bendawo, abangaxoxa ngokubaluleka, umlando, namasiko esigodlo ngasinye sezindela.
I-Etiquette enenhlonipho:
- Gqoka ngesizotha: Gqoka izingubo ezikhululekile futhi umboze amadolo akho namahlombe lapho uhamba endaweni engalingani.
- Isithombe: Ezinye izindawo zingakhawulela ukuthwebula izithombe. Hlala ucela imvume ngaphambi kokuthwebula izindela noma imikhosi yenkolo.
- Indlela Yokuziphatha Yezindela: Khuluma ngomoya ophansi, gwema ukukhomba izithombe eziqoshiwe noma abantu bezenkolo, futhi uhambe ngendlela yewashi uzungeze indlu yezindela.
Ukuvakashela I-monastery ngayinye:
- I-Sera Monastery: Itholakala eduze kwaseLhasa, iSera itholakala kalula futhi inemali encane yokungena. Ngokuvamile, ekuseni, faka izinkulumo-mpikiswano ezithakazelisayo egcekeni le-Dratsang.
- I-Drepung Monastery: Futhi eduze kwaseLhasa, iDrepung inikeza inxanxathela enkulu ongayihlola. Izimali zokungena ziyasebenza. Isikhathi ukuvakasha kwakho ukuze kuhambisane noMkhosi we-Shoton (imvamisa ungoJulayi) ukuze uthole okuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele ngempela.
- I-Ganden Monastery: Itholakala kude, i-Ganden idinga ukuhlela okwengeziwe nezokuthutha. Izimali zokungena zikhona. Jabulela ukuhleleka kwezintaba futhi uhlole iHholo iTsochin, isizinda sezakhiwo.
Iminyenyezo Yesikhathi Esidlule: Izinganekwane Nezindaba Ezivela Ezigodlweni Zezindela
Izigodlo zezindela zaseTibet azizona nje izimangaliso zezakhiwo nezamasiko kuphela kodwa futhi ziyimithombo yezinganekwane zasendulo nezindaba zomuntu siqu ezikhanyisa umlando wazo ocebile.
I-Sera Mey Monastery:
- Echoes of Debate: Inganekwane ilandisa ngendela esencane enethalente yaseSera eyahlula abaphikisi bayo njalo engxoxweni. Ngolunye usuku, isihambi esikhulile, esibi sambekela inselele. Naphezu kokuzidla kwakhe, indela esencane yathola ukushaywa okuzwakalayo engxoxweni. Umhambi wabe esezibonakalisa ukuthi unguManjushri, i-bodhisattva yokuhlakanipha, ekhumbuza indela esencane ngokubaluleka kokuthobeka ekuphishekeleni ulwazi.
- Inganekwane Yezivakashi: Izivakashi eziningi ezivakashela iSera ziphawula ngesimo esijabulisayo phakathi nezikhathi zezinkulumo-mpikiswano. Ukushukuma kwezandla okunamandla namazwi akhulayo kudala umbukwane oyingqayizivele, okunikeza amazwibela ohlangothini lobuhlakani bomkhuba wamaBuddha waseTibet.
I-Drepung Monastery:
- Isiprofetho se-Oracle: Ngokusho kwenganekwane, isiprofetho se-oracle saqondisa ukusungulwa kwe-Drepung Monks. Isibikezelo samemezela ukuthi inhlanzi yegolide yayizobonisa indawo enhle. Ngemva kombono, u-Tsongkhapa, umsunguli wesikole i-Gelugpa, uhlonze indawo yamanje ye-Drepung ngemva kokubona ukwakheka kwetshe elimise okwenhlanzi esigodini esingezansi.
- Impendulo esuka ku Monk: Izindela eDrepung zivame ukukhuluma ngomqondo wokuthula ogcwele esigodlweni sezindela naphezu kobukhulu baso. Inqubo yokuthandaza, ukufunda, nokuzindla ikhuthaza ukuqonda okujulile kokuzola kwangaphakathi, ikhwalithi izivakashi eziningi ezizithola zikhangwa yiyo.
I-Ganden Monastery:
- Iphupho Lombono: Inganekwane ithi uTsongkhapa waphupha ngesigodlo sasezulwini ngesikhathi sokuzindla kwakhe. Lo mbono kuthiwa ugqugquzele ukuklanywa nendawo ye-Gan Den Monastery, eqhwakele phezulu kweNtaba i-Wangbur. Igama elithi Ganden ngokwalo lihunyushwa ngokuthi “indawo ejabulisayo,” okubonisa ubuhle nokuzola kwesigodlo sezindela.
- I-akhawunti Yomhambi: Abahambi bavame ukuphawula ngemibono emangalisayo ezungeze i-Gan Den Monastery. I-panoramic vistas ye-Himalayas yengeza esinye isendlalelo esimangalisayo kulwazi lokuvakashela le sayithi engcwele.
Ifa Elihlala Likhona: Indima Yesimanje kanye Nomphumela Womphakathi Ezigodlweni ZaseTibet
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet zidlula ukubaluleka kwazo komlando. Baqhubeka beyizikhungo ezisebenzayo zenkolo, imfundo, nokuxhumana nomphakathi. Ake sihlole ukuthi izindela zaseSera, iDrepung, neGanden zithinta kanjani izimpilo zemiphakathi yendawo:
Izizinda Zomphakathi Nezomphakathi:
Izindela ezihlala kulezi zindela zivame ukuvela emizaneni eseduze. Izigodlo zezindela zibanikeza imfundo, indawo yokuhlala nomuzwa wokuba nengxenye.
Izindela zinikeza imiphakathi yendawo amasiko nemikhosi yenkolo, ehlanganisa abantu futhi yakhe ubudlelwano bomphakathi.
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet nazo zisebenza njengezikhungo zokwelapha zendabuko zaseTibet, ezinikeza usizo lwezokwelapha kulabo abadinga usizo.
Ukugcina Amasiko Namagugu:
Izindela zikopisha ngokucophelela imibhalo yasendulo ngesandla, zigcine ulwazi namasiko obuBuddha baseTibet ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Izindela ziyizinqolobane zobuciko, umculo, nezitayela zezakhiwo, ezivikela amagugu acebile amasiko aseTibet.
Imiphakathi yendawo ivamise ukubamba iqhaza ezenzweni zendabuko kanye nemikhosi ezigodlweni zezindela, okukhuthaza umuzwa wobunikazi bamasiko.
Imicimbi Nemikhosi Yezinsuku Zanamuhla:
I-Sera Mey Monastery iqhubeka nesiko layo lezinkulumo-mpikiswano ezishisayo, iheha izivakashi ezimagange ukubona lo mkhuba oyingqayizivele wobuhlakani.
I-Drepung Monks isabheka lokhu Shoton Festival, umgubho oshukumisayo onemidlalo yaseshashalazini nemiqhudelwano yendabuko yokudla iyogathi. Lo mcimbi udonsa izinkumbi zabantu emiphakathini eyakhelene nayo.
I-Ganden Monastery isingatha le I-Lhabab Duchen festival, isikhumbuzo sikaBuddha. Imiphakathi yendawo ibamba iqhaza emihlatshelweni nasemithandazweni, iqinisa ukuxhumana nokholo lwayo.
Ukuvikela Okungcwele: Imizamo Yokonga Ezigodlweni ZaseTibet
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet, amagugu angenakuthathelwa indawo okubaluleka kwamasiko nomlando, abhekene nenselele yokulondolozwa emhlabeni wanamuhla. Ngenhlanhla, imizamo yokuzinikela iyaqhubeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba khona kwazo okuqhubekayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ukulondoloza Okwedlule Ukwenzela Ikusasa:
Uhulumeni waseShayina wenze izinhlelo zokuvuselela nokugcina izindela ezinkulu, ezihlanganisa iSera Mey Monastery, iDrepung Monks, kanye neGan Den Monastery.
Imiphakathi yendawo ibalulekile ekuvikelweni kwalezi zindawo ezingcwele. Izindela zisebenzisa izinto zemvelo nezindlela zokwakha zendabuko ukuze zilondoloze isigodlo ngokucophelela.
Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) nazo ziye zaba nesithakazelo ekulondolozeni umlando wamasiko waseTibet. Nakuba zingekho izigodlo ezintathu ezishiwo lapha ezinegama lamanje le-UNESCO World Heritage, ezinye izindela zaseTibet ezibalulekile zisohlwini, ezigqamisa ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke ukubaluleka kwazo.
Imikhuba Esimeme:
Imizamo iyaqhubeka yokuthuthukisa izinqubo ezisimeme zezokuvakasha ezingenisa imali ezigodlweni zezindela, ezizivumela ukuthi zitshale imali ekunakekeleni nasekuzibuyiseleni kabusha.
Ama-monasteries afaka imikhuba eco-friendly, efana namandla elanga nokuvunwa kwamanzi emvula, ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wazo kwezemvelo.
Uhambo Lwezindela Ezidume Kakhulu Zase-Tibet
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet zingaphezu nje kwezimangaliso zezakhiwo ezibekwe phakathi kwezindawo ezimangalisayo. Njengoba esebenza njengezikhungo zokukhulekela, imfundo, nokugcinwa kwamasiko amakhulu eminyaka, amelela ukuphila kobuBuddha baseTibet. Isigodlo ngasinye, kuhlanganise ISera Monastery, I-Drepung Monks, kanye ne-Ganden Monastery, inomlando oyingqayizivele kanye nomlingiswa ofaka isandla ku-tapestry ecebile yesiko laseTibet.
Ifa Lokomoya Nolwazi
Ukuhlolisisa ukubaluleka komlando kwalezi zigodlo kuveza umthelela ojulile weBuddhism yaseTibet endaweni.
Izitayela zezakhiwo zibonisa ukusebenza kanye nezimpawu, zinikeza ukuqonda okujulile kwemikhuba yamaBuddha.
Izinqubo zansuku zonke, imikhosi, nezimfundiso ezilandelwa ngaphakathi kwezindela zibonisa ukuzinikela kwezindela namandla ahlala njalo ala masiko angokomoya.
Ngale Kwezindonga: Umphakathi Namasiko
Izindela zamaBuddha zaseTibet zandisa ithonya lazo ngale kwezindonga zazo. Basebenza njenge:
Amahabhu Omphakathi: Ukuhlinzeka ngemfundo, izindlu, kanye nomuzwa wokuba izindela ezihlala khona ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa izibopho zomphakathi emiphakathini yendawo.
Abagcini Bezamasiko: Ukugcina imibhalo yasendulo, amafomu obuciko, kanye nemithi yesintu, ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwazo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Ubizo Lokuhlola Ngenhlonipho
Njengoba uhlela ukuvakasha kwakho kulezi zindawo ezingcwele, khumbula:
I-Etiquette enenhlonipho: Gqoka ngesizotha, khulumela phansi, futhi ukhumbule amasiko enkolo.
Izimvume Nokuhlela: Thola amalayisensi adingekayo futhi ucabangele uhambo oluqondisiwe ukuze uthole imininingwane ejulile.
Ukuvakasha Okubhekelela: Khetha izinkampani zokuvakasha ezifana nePeregrine Treks and Tours, ezibophezela emikhubeni eqhubekayo ezuzisa izindela nemiphakathi yasendaweni.
